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Introduction to Water Filtration – Part 5

June 10, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Introduction to Water Filtration - Part 5 In-Line Clarification In-line clarification is the elimination of suspended solids through the extension of in-line coagulant accompanied by accelerated filtration. This process is known as contact filtration or in-line filtration. This method eliminates suspended solids without the use of sedimentation basins. There are two different approaches in which [...]
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Introduction to Water Filtration – Part 4

June 10, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Introduction to Water Filtration - Part 4 Upflow Filters Upflow units utilize a single filter component for filtration, usually graded sand. The filter works with the finer sand at the top of the bed while the coarser sand resides at the bottom of the unit. Gravel is retained by fixed grids at the bottom of [...]
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Introduction to Water Filtration – Part 3

June 10, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Introduction to Water Filtration - Part 3 Automatic Gravity Filters Many manufacturers have developed gravity filters that are automatically backwashed at a preset head loss. Head loss, water level being above media, motivates a backwash siphon and pulls wash water from storage up through the bed and out the siphon pipe to waste. A low [...]
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Introduction to Water Filtration – Part 2

June 10, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Introduction to Water Filtration - Part 2 Introduction to Water Filtration Media Effective size, mm (in.) Specific gravity Anthracite 0.7-1.7 (0.03-0.07) 1.4 Sand 0.3-0.7 (0.01-0.03) 2.6 Garnet 0.4-0.6 (0.016-0.024) 3.8 Magnetite 0.3-0.5 (0.01-0.02) 4.9 Mixed Media Filter Beds Filter beds are identified as "multilayer," "in-depth," and "mixed media" and are graded by size and density. [...]
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Introduction to Water Filtration – Part 1

June 10, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Introduction to Water Filtration - Part 1 Filtration Filtration is used as an add on to normal coagulation and sedimentation for the elimination of solids from surface water or wastewater. The gets the water ready to use as potable, boiler, or cooling make-up. Wastewater filtration aids users with meeting more demanding effluent discharge permit specifications. [...]
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boiler failures due to corrosion, corrosion in boilers, boiler failures with corrosion, types of boiler failures

Types of Boiler System Failures

May 19, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Common Types of Boiler System Failures Deaerator Cracking One of the more common types of boiler system failures is deaerator cracking. In several deaerators, cracks can develop at welds and in heat-affected areas near the welds. Most often, this occurs at the head-to-shell weld below the water level in the storage compartment. It can also [...]
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The Benefits of Softened Water for RO

May 19, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
The Benefits of Softened Water for RO A very useful application of business-type water softeners is in the pretreatment of the influent water for commercial and industrial/institutional reverse osmosis systems. A 24-hour-per-day operation calls for a constant quality of softened water with minimal leakage, which is usually below 8ppm total hardness. Duplex parallel or duplex [...]
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Cation Water Softener Design

May 19, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Different Cation Water Softener Designs Water softeners for business and commercial/industrial use can be engineered to operate in one of several flow patterns. Broadly speaking, designs are either "cocurrent flow" or "countercurrent flow". In addition, softeners may be designed for "free-board backwash expansion operation" or in a "contained bed" configuration that does not provide for [...]
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The Ion Exchange Process & Water Softening

May 19, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
The Ion Exchange Process & Water Softening The ion exchange process introduces another link in the chain of chemical water treatment methods. This page deals with the removal of water hardness (the calcium and magnesium salts) by exchanging ions through the reaction (water) chemistry involved. Water hardness has plagued industries and society for ages. The [...]
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How Water Softener Exchangers Work

May 18, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
How Water Softener Exchangers Work The softening of water by the cation exchange process relies on the replacement of calcium and magnesium ions for a chemically equivalent number of sodium ions or potassium ions, depending on which regenerant solution is used. The softening cycle and the regeneration process of cation exchanger softeners are graphically illustrated [...]
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Cation Water Softeners & Controllers

May 18, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
Cation Water Softeners & Controllers The basic components of cation water softener systems (see image) consist of: A pressure vessel (tank) containing a bed of cation exchange resin, which does the actual softening of water. A separate tank or compartment to store salt and for the makeup of the brine solution needed for regeneration. A [...]
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The History of Water Softeners

May 18, 2020 · By Nathan Olszak
The History of Water Softeners The process of water hardness removal by chemical softening has been used for industrial and municipal water treatment for well over 200 years. One of the earliest chemical water softening techniques, the addition of lime (CaO), is credited to Cavendish, who demonstrated in 1766 that when lime was added to [...]
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